CHAPTER: Nationalism in India
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTION (1 marks)
Q.1 WHEN DID GANDHI JI RETURNED TO INDIA?
ANS. He returned to India in January 1915.
Q.2 NAME THE PLACES WHERE GANDHI JI INITIALLY ORGANIZED SATYAGRAHA?
ANS. He organized satyagraha at three places:
1. In 1916 - Champaran (Bihar)
2. In 1917 - Kheda(Gujarat)
3. In 1918 - Ahemadabad ( Gujarat)
Q.3 WHAT WAS ROWLATT ACT( 1919)?
ANS. The Act was passed by the Imperial Legislative Council, it gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed the detention of political prisoners for two years without any trial.
Q.4 WHEN DID THE INFAMOUS JALLIANWALA BAGH INCIDENT TOOK PLACE?
ANS. The Jallianwala Bagh incident took place on 13 April 1919.
Q.5 WHEN AND FOR WHAT THE KHILAFAT COMMITTEE CAME INTO EXISTENCE?
ANS. The Khilafat Committee came into existence in March 1919 to save the Khalifa's(the spiritual head of the Islamic world) temporary powers.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS( 3 MARKS)
Q. 6 DESCRIBE THE ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL SITUATION CREATED BY WAR IN SECOND DECADE OF 20TH CENTURY?
ANS. The war created great economic and political turbulence as:
ECONOMIC SITUATION
1. Customs duties were raised and income taxes were introduced to pay the huge expenses of the war.
2. Through the war years the general price level increased, almost doubling between 1913 to 1918.
POLITICAL SITUATION
1.villagers were called upon to supply soldiers, and forced recruitment which caused widespread anger among the rural areas.
2. During the time there was an acute shortage of food as in 1918-19 and 1920-21 crops failed in many parts of India.
3. During the time the influenza epidemic broke down which led to the death of 12 to 13 million people, according to the census of 1921, this made the situation even difficult.
Q.7 DEFINE AND DESCRIBE THE CONCEPT OF SATYAGRAHA?
ANS. Satyagraha is defined as a policy of passive political resistance or a novel method of mass agitation.
The idea of satyagraha emphasis the power of truth. it propounded that if the cause was true and the struggle was against injustice then physical forces are not necessary to fight the oppressor.
This can be done by appealing to his conscience. People including the oppressor had to be persuaded to see the truth rather than forced to accept the truth through violence. By this method, the truth was to ultimately triumph.
Gandhi Ji had a firm belief that this system of struggle would ultimately unite the entire nation against the outside forces with a single aim of swaraj.
Q8. DESCRIBE THE INITIAL ACT OF SATYAGRAHA IN INDIA AND THEIR RESULT AS A WHOLE?
ANS. After arriving in India Gandhi saw the miserable situation and decided to use the novel method of non-violent mass agitation that is SATYAGRAHA in various places.
In 1916 he travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.
In 1917 he organized the satyagraha in the Kheda district of Gujarat to support the peasant's demand for relaxation in revenue collection as they were facing crop loss due to the spread of the plague epidemic.
In 1918 he organized satyagraha in Ahmedabad amongst the cotton mill workers who demanded better working conditions and an increase in wages.
All of these satyagraha movements were successful and as a result, encouraged Gandhi Ji and his supporters to launch a movement nationwide in the name of the non-cooperation movement.
Q. 9 DISCUSS THE FAMOUS INCIDENCE OF JALLIANWALA BAGH?
ANS. The Jallianwala Bagh incident took place on 13 April 1919. On that day a large crowd gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwala Bagh. Some came to protest against the Rowllet act and others came to celebrate the Baisakhi fair. The place is enclosed and outside the city, the people were unaware of the martial law and taking advantage of the situation. General Dyer took the command and blocked all the exits. He open fired the crowd, killing hundreds of the people.
The day is marked as one of the darkest days in the history of India and The World.
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